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Артикли и определители
Тема: **articles-determiners**. Ниже — понятное объяснение, формулы, ошибки и примеры. Артикли и определители стоят перед существительным и помогают понять, о чём именно идёт речь. Они показывают: предмет конкретный или общий, известный или новый, единственный или один из многих. ### Что вы изучите - **a/an** для неконкретного (впервые упоминаемого) предмета - **the** для конкретного/известного предмета - **нулевой артикль** (без артикля) с множественным числом и неисчисляемыми - Определители: this/that/these/those, some/any, my/your, each/every ### Цель Закрепить правила и избежать самых частых ошибок.
💡 Tips
- Совет: Ask: is it general or specific? → (a/an vs the vs zero).
- Совет: Check: is the noun countable and singular? → a/an is possible.
- Совет: Use the for second mention: *I saw a dog. The dog was friendly.*
- Совет: Demonstratives must match singular/plural: this/that vs these/those.
Правила грамматики
📝
Indefinite articles: a / an
Use **a/an** with singular countable nouns when you mean 'one' or something not specific: *a book, an idea*. Use **an** before vowel sounds (an apple, an hour).
📝
Definite article: the
Use **the** when both speaker and listener know which thing you mean (specific): *the car outside, the teacher we met*. Also with unique things: *the sun*.
📝
Zero article (no article)
Use no article for plural or uncountable nouns when speaking generally: *Cars are expensive. Water is important.*
📝
Demonstratives: this/that/these/those
Use **this/these** for near; **that/those** for far. Singular: this/that. Plural: these/those.
📝
Possessive determiners: my/your/his/her/our/their
Show ownership: *my phone, her bag*. They replace an article (not *the my phone*).
📝
Quantifier determiners: some/any/no
**some** often in positive sentences and offers/requests; **any** often in negatives and questions: *some milk*, *any questions?* **no** means zero: *no time*.
📝
Each / every
**each** focuses on individuals; **every** focuses on the group as a whole. Both take singular verbs: *Each student is… / Every student is…*
Примеры
A1
EN"I have a cat."
a + singular countable
RU"I have a cat."
a + singular countable
HY"I have a cat."
a + singular countable
A1
EN"She ate an apple."
an before vowel sound
RU"She ate an apple."
an before vowel sound
HY"She ate an apple."
an before vowel sound
A2
EN"The cat is sleeping on the sofa."
specific cat
RU"The cat is sleeping on the sofa."
specific cat
HY"The cat is sleeping on the sofa."
specific cat
A2
EN"Water is essential for life."
zero article (uncountable, general)
RU"Water is essential for life."
zero article (uncountable, general)
HY"Water is essential for life."
zero article (uncountable, general)
A2
EN"This book is good, but those books are boring."
demonstratives
RU"This book is good, but those books are boring."
demonstratives
HY"This book is good, but those books are boring."
demonstratives
B1
EN"I don’t have any questions."
any in negative
RU"I don’t have any questions."
any in negative
HY"I don’t have any questions."
any in negative
B1
EN"Some people learn faster than others."
some + plural general group
RU"Some people learn faster than others."
some + plural general group
HY"Some people learn faster than others."
some + plural general group
B2
EN"Each student has a different goal, but every student needs practice."
each vs every
RU"Each student has a different goal, but every student needs practice."
each vs every
HY"Each student has a different goal, but every student needs practice."
each vs every
⚠️ Частые ошибки
❌ Wrong:
I need an advice.
✅ Correct:
I need advice.
💡 Note:
См. правило и форму V3/V-ing по контексту.
❌ Wrong:
She bought the new phone (first time).
✅ Correct:
She bought a new phone.
💡 Note:
См. правило и форму V3/V-ing по контексту.
❌ Wrong:
This books are interesting.
✅ Correct:
These books are interesting.
💡 Note:
См. правило и форму V3/V-ing по контексту.
❌ Wrong:
The my friend lives here.
✅ Correct:
My friend lives here.
💡 Note:
См. правило и форму V3/V-ing по контексту.
🧠 Практический тест1 / 10
Выберите правильный вариант.
Choose the correct article: I saw ___ dog.
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